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2月
01

Basic Finance: An Introduction to Financial Institutions, Investments and Management

BASIC FINANCE: AN INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INVESTMENTS & MANAGEMENT offers a proven “modular” approach to help users learn finance concepts quickly and easily. The text offers a strong finance foundation focusing on Internet resources and sample number problems, cases, and calculator solutions using a Microsoft Excel appendix. The text introduces the time value of money using three approaches to reinforce the concept–interest tables, financial calculator keystrokes, and investmen

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1月
26

Quicken Deluxe 2012 [Download]

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9月
21

Basic Finance: n Introduction to Financial Institutions, Investments and Management, 10th Edition

BASIC FINANCE: AN INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INVESTMENTS & MANAGEMENT, 10E, by Herbert B. Mayo discusses the three primary aspects of finance-financial institutions, investments, and management and examines how they are interrelated using a modular format. Each chapter offers a concise, self-contained treatment of one or two finance concepts or institutions easily covered in a single class period.BASIC FINANCE, 10E, provides a strong finance foundation that students can build on usi

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8月
18

HP 10BII+ FINANCIAL CALCULATOR

  • HP 10BII FINANCIAL CALCULATOR.
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8月
15

Connect the Dots [HD]

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7月
29

LEVERAGE ANALYSIS -TOOL FOR FINANCIAL & INVESTMENT DECISSIONS

INTRODUCTION:

 Success of a firm depends on its ability to survive competition and grow consistently.  In order to grow, firms need to expand and such expansion requires heavy investments in both physical as well as intangible assets.  Firms need to continuously invest money in projects that reduce cost or improve quality or increase market share to acquire or sustain competitive strength and improve profitability.   Normally, investments of a company are determined on the basis of the macro economic environment, the allocation mechanisms through which capital moves from its holders to investment projects and the conditions surrounding specific investment projects.

In line of the above, it is felt that, Leverage is an important technique, helps the management to take sound, prudent, financial and investment decisions. It also helps to evaluate business, financial, total risk of any organization. The task of choosing most suitable combination of different techniques in the light of the firm’s anticipated securities for financing fund requirements earnings is facilitated by it.  In matters relating to investment also leverage technique is immensely helpful.  It acts as a useful guideline in setting the maximum limits by which the business of the firm should be expanded.  For example, the management is advised to stop expanding business the moment anticipated return on additional investment falls short of fixed charge of debt.

CONCEPT OF LEVERAGE

The dictionary meaning of the term ‘leverage’ refers to an increased means of accomplishing some purpose.  For example, leverage helps us in lifting heavy objects which may not be otherwise possible.  However in the area of finance, the term leverage has a special meaning.  It is used to describe the firm’s ability to use fixed cost assets or funds to magnify the return to its owners.

 James Horne has defined leverage as “the employment of an asset or funds for which the firm pays a fixed cost or fixed return.  Thus according to him leverage results as a result of the firm employing an asset or source of fund which has a fixed cost for return.  The former may be termed as “Fixed operating cost”, while the latter as ‘fixed financial cost’.  It should be noted that fixed cost or return is the basis of leverage.  Since fixed cost or return has to be paid or incurred irrespective of the volume of output or sales, the size of such cost or return has considerable influences on amount of profits available to the shareholders.

When the volume of sales changes, leverage helps in magnifying such influence.  It may, therefore, be defined as relative change in profit due to change in sales.  A high degree of leverage implies that there will be a large change in profit due to relative small change in sales or vice versa.  Thus higher the degree of leverages, higher is the risk and higher is the expected return.

TYPES OF LEVERAGES

(1)     Operating Leverage

(2)      Financial Leverag

FINANCIAL LEVERAGE: It represents the debt-equity structure and indicates the financial risk of a firm.  If the financial leverage is higher, it indicates that the firm has taken on a higher amount of financial risk, and it also conveys positive news about a firm’s capacity to service more debt. With    higher financial leverage being able to service debt better, it is likely that such firms opt for increasing debt.  The selection of the determinants of financial leverage is primarily based on the results of previous studies in the context of both developed and developing countries.  A review of literature shows that there are several firm specific factors that influence financial risk and debt-equity choice. There are various methods of measuring financial leverage such as: 

    Long-term Debt/Total Assets

    Long-term Debt/Equity and

    Total Debt/Equity

      Book values and market values are used to keep out fluctuations and to maintain consistency. 

   Debt-to-assets is the most often used measure of leverage in empirical studies. 

OPERATING LEVERGE:

Traditionally, Operating leverage represents the fluctuating business risk undertaken by a firm.  A priori, there should be a negative dependence between leverage and business risk.  Higher the operating leverage, lower would be the financial leverage.  This is because business risk is usually negatively related to the percentage of use of debt in the financial structure of the firm.  The operating leverage is measured as a percentage change in earnings by percentage change in sales. The idea is to examine how earnings would change when sales change, everything else remaining the same.  Thus, a firm with lower operating leverage is assumed to be in a better position to issue non-traditional debt. 

According to the trade-off theory, higher risk (earnings volatility) increases the probability of financial distress, and it indicates the extent to which the firm is susceptible to market fluctuations in terms of earnings and it predicts a negative relationship between leverage and risk.  The more volatile the firm’s financial position, the more would be the earning fluctuations, with low funds for debt servicing.  However, it is shown that for a negative relationship between risk and leverage, bankruptcy cost should be quite large.  Further it is argued that risk has negative relationship with long-term debt but positive relationship with short-term debt as high variability shifts financing from long-term debt to short-term debt and equity.  Empirical results do not provide an unequivocal answer to the relationship between risk and capital structure.          

As business risk cannot be observed, a number of proxies have been used to measure risk, according to the literature.  Some researchers have focused on using variability of firm income, which is measured by the first standard deviation of its earnings or operating income, popularly referred to as volatility of earnings.  This may not be optimal since the firms’ income is influenced by a number of factors outside its control and operating environment such as bankruptcy of a number of its customers.  Moreover, using an absolute value without referring it to some scale is, to a degree, meaningless and hence, risk should be measured according to some benchmark.  Given these objectives, a better measure of firm risk would be its beta (b) since it is quantified in relation to other companies included in the market portfolio.  Risky firms will prefer to use these sources of funds over debt since they do not have payments attached to them and hence, this source of funds over debt since they do not have payments attached to them and hence, this source of finance is more attractive to firms.

A company should try to have balance of the two leverages because they have got tremendous acceleration or deceleration effect on EBIT and EPS.  It may be noted that a right combination of these leverages is a very big challenge to the management.  A proper combination of both is a blessing for the firm’s growth while an improper combination may prove to be a curse.

 In a nutshell, operating and financial leverages are measured in relative terms to assess their impact on profitability of a firm.  A greater use of operating and financial leverages leads to the impact of change in the level of sales, increase of BEP.

 

 

Dr.R.SRINIVASAN is a Post graduate in commerce and Management. He received his doctoral degree from Alagappa University in 1997. He is now Working as an ASSOCIATE PROFESSORin Post graduate and Research Department of Corporate Secretaryship at Bharathidasan Government College for Women (Autonomous), Pondicherry University, Puducherry.He currently teaches Accounting ,financial management and Research Methodology Subjects. Before Joining BGCW, he was teaching in SNR College, Coimbatore, Sindhi college, Chennai& T.S.Narayanasamy College, Chennai for eight years. He was with the industry for a short term at Salzar Electronics Pvt. Ltd, Coimbatore. He has about 20 years of teaching experience and having research experience of 15 years. His interests are in Accounting and finance, Capital Market, Quantitative Methods. He underwent the Faculty Development Programme at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad during 2000-01. He has presented 20 papers in national and international conferences and has published twenty papers in the areas of Finance and Human resource Management in National Journals. Co-authored a book titled, ‘Investors Protection, published by Raj Publications, New Delhi He has delivered lectures in contemporary finance topics at Pondicherry University. He is involved in consultancy projects for Godrej Saralee, Chennai in the areas of Statistical Applications. He has supervised a number of research projects in the area of corporate finance and Human Resource Management. He is the Board of examiner in corporate Secretaryship and Management for the past two decades.
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7月
27

WAHID’S METHOD ? THE CHARISMATIC & FRUITFUL GUIDELINE FOR FINANCIAL INVESTMENT DECISION MAKING

Author speech:

 

This article explicated the analysis of business decisions as economic cost & benefit. If you find the costs and benefits from the investment- You must be clearly defined criteria to be used for evaluation against the investment proposal. The criteria for making an investment analysis of dealing benefits and costs of an investment proposal, these benefits and costs in most cases do not take place directly, but these are variable so that can be generated for changeable periods.

 

On the basis of my experience, observed, & analysis, this article I have paid attention mainly on the economic benefits achieved from investing in and operating a business. In this article, I have struggled to expose in more specific terms with the economic costs associated by way of business decisions.

 

Throughout  the article I have tried talk about in greater details-the cost of various types of capital employed in a business, examine how this cost is measured, and in what form and for which purposes this economic reality should affect business decision making.

 

Introduction:

 

Investment policies have given a new viewpoint to the part of financial administration, Generally, I found that a few people knows the good investment policy and when those people apply their knowledgeable strategy with the investment usually they gain,, it is highly unlikely that without the appropriate knowledge of investment policy a few people try to run a business with a huge amount, but unfortunately most of these investors turn around from this business with huge losses. all decisions involving to business investment from the analysis of investment in running capital such as cash, banks, accounts receivable, inventory and investment capital represented in fixed assets such as buildings, land, machinery, technology etc. to make the right decisions the financier has to take into account elements of evaluation and analysis as the criteria for analysis,

 

meaning the analysis of investment:

 

In most types of organizations or private companies, financial decisions are focused or have a clear objective, “the maximization of assets by the utilities, this fact in the present conditions, must refocus on a” maximizing wealth and the creation of “business value”. Against this background in investment resources are allocated and results obtained from them,

 

 

Meaning the analysis of Operating decision:

 

Operating decisions that involve routine responsibilities. Such as planning production and sales, scheduling personnel and equipment, adjusting production rates, and controlling the production Quality

Decisional framework:

 

The decisional framework I have discussed all along strained the interrelationship of investment, operations, and financing. In my experience observed that, over time, most management decisions cause cash movements in one form or another.

 

The dynamics of the business system require that funds be available at any time temporarily or permanently from a variety of sources, provided internally or externally. Key internal sources are cash flows from profitable operations or shifts in existing funds commitments.

 

Type of external sources are borrowing or raising new equity. Because the basic purpose of investing in, operating, and financing a business is to raise the economic value of the owners’ bet over time, management decisions should form economic value for the shareholders by generating after-tax results that are higher than the cost of all the supporting capital inputs.

 

Investment Decisions

One of the most vital long phrase decisions for any business relates to investment. Investment is the Obtain or making of assets with the purpose of make gains in the future. naturally investment engaged by financial wealth to buy a machine/ building or other asset, which will then give up returns to an organization over a period of time

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I think the first thing is to identify what you want. You must know what the business prospect means for you and what you want to achieve out of your investment. It is generally a good plan to have a pre-planned profit level that acts as an object for your investment work. The good investor will also take time to recognize the market that they are trying to pierce. Do not just rely on information or suggestions from the people. You will need to go and see the accurate operation of the business so that you can review whether you are likely to be winning. The past of business investment is beset with stories of people who jumped against schemes they did not know and ended up paying a very heavy price

 

Following Solution of considerations in making investment decisions are:

 

1. What is the scale of the investment – can the company afford it?

2. How long will it be before the investment starts to yield returns?

3. How long will it take to pay back the investment?

4. What are the expected profits from the investment?

 

A good investor will always look for to administer and shelter their investment. If you just put an investment project and hope for the best, you are on a smooth slope to financial ruin. You will need to pay steady attention to what is happening to your business by requesting for management information and evidence of growth. That way smoothly if there are problems you will know about them and formulate a corrective strategy.

 

As well established that least standards for investments had to be set high sufficient to pay costs both for the projects exact risk and for the chance loss of forgoing the returns from any substitute uses of the funds invested. Such alternative investments in the company’s normal tricks or in new initiatives were equally assumed to sufficiently reimburse both shareholders and lenders for providing their capital.

Cash flows connected with investment:

When creation an investment the company expects a number of fixed cost and production costs for a positive number of future benefits, these invention costs and profit is called “Cash Flow”, this components are importance for investment decision

 

I recommended that the company’s generally cost of capital, when used as a minimum standard for the economic attractiveness of investments, totally in person all of these requirements, and value would be created if a project’s cash flow performance exceeded the company’s cost of Capital. The analytical methods directly include any financing costs; rather, the cash outflows and inflows as defined represented only investment outlays on the one hand,

 

Rate of return required for investment decision:

The required rate of return is the minimum rate of return that is necessary for an investment that will be established. In formative this rate must take into account all internal and external factors that influence the investment decision.

 

My statement in financial theory which states that “investors are risk-aversive” takes great implication in the logic that, as there is more risk involved in the decision to invest in a project will require a higher give up wealth invested. Thus, the expected return for an investment project depends on the exact project risk assessment, taking into account the risk free rate and to invest in this project. The aspects discussed  effective tool in achieving the proper financial management in the decision to rent business investment, but all this must be verified and supplemented by technical studies, math and controls executed  by the monitoring accountable for the financial area of the company.

 

The rules of a good investor are not rocket science. Everyone can achieve some level of success if they take the time to go over their investment opportunities and make the most logical business decisions best on the information available and their own knowledge. Common sense does help as well, especially if you are dealing with people.

 

Operating Decisions:

 

Role of Operating Level of Management: The top level management divides about finance production, marketing, rules and system for employees, process and working methods. The middle level management collects necessary wealth and services for their execution and bottom level management implements the rules process, methods and programme shaped by the top level management. This type of execution is associated with the industrial regulation, continuity of activities and most usage of resources. Middle level office supervisors and bottom level jobbers, foremen and workers are connected with this work.

 

Decisions are being implemented at bottom level and for its efficiency the management’s method has to be followed. It includes following of working method and working process. Due to the process and methods, the work of coordination between the activities becomes effective and an effective control which can be put on all types of works. In short for the decisions of efficiency, the administrative process becomes an important part.

 

The time prospect for operating decisions is generally shorter than that of the typical business investment. however, operational funds movements, such as increases or decreases in trade credit both used and extended and swings in cash balances and accruals as described in do involve costs, both in the form of out-of-pocket charges and opportunity costs. For case, a near-term decision to take pay for discounts might involve significant economic benefits when weighed against the cost of any incremental borrowing essential to take advantage of the discount. Cash management decisions to minimize bank balances can eliminate the opportunity costs inherent in idle funds. In fact, there are myriad circumstances in which near-term decisions can cause or eliminate the cost of employing funds, as these decisions are often directly linked to incremental sources that entail specific costs.

 

Effective decisions are being full by keeping the present activities in mind and their main aim is to accomplish the present objectives. These decisions are taken for the getting of positive results by fulfilling the departmental objectives. For this the departmental employees are given training according to their activities and an effecting level’s personnel is given essential powers for the same cases,

 

Above I have tried to expose the costs associated with obtaining financing and compensating providers of different sources of funds, both short-term and long-term, which must be considered by management in making any financing decision. Obviously, using any type of funds entails an economic cost to the company in one form or another. One of management’s obligations is to expand a pattern of funding that both matches the risk/reward profile of the business and is suitably modified to meeting the evolving needs of the company. At the same time, the use of long-term funds entails meeting the prospect of creditors, and meeting or if possible exceeding the potential of the providers of equity funds, the company’s shareholders.

 

Conclusion: The operative decisions are different in nature in comparison with to strategic decisions. Mostly they possess a special importance for achieving the short term motives in framework to the internal situation of a business component

MHOHAMMAD WAHID ABDULLAH KHAN

S/O MOHAMMAD SAADULLAH KHAN

Dhaka, Bangladesh

 

Mr. Mohammad Wahid Abdullah Khan is the Project director of “Max Textiles Ltd”.Mr. Wahid has been in accounting field since 1999. Prior to that he had completed over ten (10) years in various fields of Business like – Accounts, Finance, Internal & External Audit, project budgeting and project costing related positions in some of the largest group companies & the join venture companies in Bangladesh.

 

He consults with small- medium business owners and services professionals, business consulting service and project process. He is most experience in Financial Risk Assessment, Financial analysis, Financial Advising and Project Cost Analysis. He has published more than 100 articles & case study in different international journals. Such as Business, finance, personal finance, international finance, auditing, Risk assessment topic and performance & industrial related,

 

Mr. khan’s most popular articles is  ”WAK” Model - The way of best solution for an organization internal audit process,( 1st,2nd,& 3rd part) “WAK” Model- for successful financial resource , “Wahid khan“- cost analysis, Wahid theory – the key of dynamic series for successful financial consulting, Wahid techniques – the Significance and dependability manner for Performance audit(1st,2nd,& 3rd part) Wahid’s Opinion - non-conformity among the performance audit and financial audit, Wahid’s view- The cogent task and the confront of financial/economic analysis in the modern business decision making , Wahid’s outlook- The Business Financial Analysis Should Be Included several required Documents with the analysis report or plan, WAHID’S JUDGMENT-difference strategic plan as opposed to an operational plan , & PPBS Model, he has consulted with more than 25 service & product companies,  in recent years Mr. khan has been spending most of his professional time for financial consulting , Mr. Wahid is the owner of “WAM” Associates and “WAK” business solutions;

 

 


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7月
23

Financial Investing 04 – Undrestand Macroeconomics Policies

When the macroeconomics equilibrium exist in the overall economy, there is no need for government intervention. If market forces cause a change in equilibrium and this shift causes inflation or unemployment to increase, the government has several tools called stabilization policies.

I. Fiscal policy

Fiscal policy changes are implemented to directly affect consumer spending and saving habits. Government spending or tax policies are used to shift aggregate demand to a new levels. There are 2 types of fiscal policy that the government use to influence the economic activity.

1. Expansionary fiscal policy:In expansionary fiscal policy, the government increases their spending or cutting taxes, thereby creating additional consumer dollars for spending.

2. Contractionary Fiscal Policy: if the government feels the economy is heating up with inflation, they can reduce spending and increase taxes, inducing a slow down.

II. Monetary policy

1. Change in Bank Rate

The Central Bank lends money at interest which is known as the prime rate. The chartered banks add on a few percentage points to their clients. When the Central Bank changes prime, this signals a change throughout the system. When the bank rate increases, it tightens the monetary policy. A reduction has the opposite effect.

2. Open market operation

The central bank influences the money supply daily by buying and selling government treasury bills to other bank, financial institution and individuals If the bank wants to pursue an expansionary monetary policy, it buys treasury bills for money on the open market, which has the effect of increasing the money supply.

On the other hand, if the bank wants to pursue a contractionary fiscal policy, it sell treasury bills fot taking away money supply from the market.

I hope this information will help you to understand more about macroeconomics policies of a nation government, if you need more information, please visit my home page at: http://lifeanddisabitityinsuranceunderwriter.blogspot.com/

or   http://financialinvesting04.blogspot.com

All rights reserved. Any reproducing of this article must have all the links intact.

I have been studying natural remedies for disease prevention for over 20 years and working as a financial consultant since 1990


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7月
16

Financial Investment 12 – Term Deposits, Government Bonds,treasury Bills & Money Market Funds

Financial instruments found in the debt market include:

1. Term Deposits

2. Government bonds

3. Treasury Bills (T-Bills)

4. Money Market Funds

5. Corporate Bonds and Debentures

6. Domestic Bond Funds.

In this article, we will only discuss the term deposits, government bonds, treasury bills and money market fund.

1. Term DepositsTerm Deposits are qualifying instruments for tax shelter and will share the following characteristics.

a) Short-Term Deposit: less than 1 year

b) Long-Term Deposit: to 5 years.

Interest Rate: depends on length of deposit and competitive interest rates available in the marketplace.Long-term investments are called Guaranteed Investment Certificates (GICs) and can be purchased for a lesser amount such as 0. They are also called a Certificate of Deposit (CD). Rates may vary as little as 0.10% amongst the deposit takers.Term Deposits may be cashed prior to maturity, but this may incur a penalty. GICs generally cannot be cashed before they mature, although some deposit takers are now more flexible.

2. Government saving bonds

Country residency is required and guaranteed by the country of issuer.

a) Are registered bonds that provide protection against loss, theft or destruction.

b) Are not transferable.

c) Can be purchased for a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 0,000.

d) The interest is taxable and is competitive with GICs.

e)  Mature in 10 to 12 years.

In Canada, Canadian saving bonds are issued as either R bonds or C bonds.

In US, US saving bonds are issued as series EE bonds, Series I BondsThe investment risk for government savings bonds Issued by Canadian government or US government is nil, since the bond is guaranteed by the federal government.

3) Treasury bills (T bill)Treasury bills are a short term money market instrument and issued by the federal government in terms of 30, 60, 91, 182 and 364 days. They are sold by auction.Banks and investment houses buy at wholesale in multiples of million denominations. They then sell these T-Bills to brokers and investment dealers who break down their purchases into ,000 lots.

T bills are sold discount to their face values and also sold on the secondary market and their value fluctuates depending on competitive interest rates at the times of resell.The short-term nature of T-Bills does not cause a large exposure to interest rate risk, but to some extent there is an inflation risk.If a T-Bill is sold before maturity, any gain is taxed as interest.

4. Money market fundsMoney market fund holds T bills and other short term money market contracts. Investors pool the investments through the mutual fund. Units in this fund can be bought and sold daily. Money market funds produce capital gains although their primary function is to generate interest income. Interest is generally paid monthly, while capital gains are paid annually.The benefits of money market funds include

a) Security of principal

b) Liquidity.

c) Eligible for plan registration

I hope this information will help. If you need more information, you can read the complete series of the above subject at my home page:

Kyle J. Norton

http://lifeanddisabitityinsuranceunderwriter.blogspot.com

/http://financialinvesting12.blogspot.com/

All rights reserved. Any reproducing of this article must have all the links intact.

I have been studying natural remedies for disease prevention for over 20 years and working as a financial consultant since 1990


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7月
03

Financial Investment In Savings Bonds

Saving Bonds have never been easier to buy, manage, and redeem than they are now with the internet. Everything can be done with a click of your mouse from the comfort of your own home. You can search the internet for all the information you need about bonds. There are calculators for you to use to find out what your bonds are earning. There are a number of things you can do online to do with the bonds.

There are different types of bonds you are able to purchase. One of them are called Series I Savings Bonds. These bonds are low risk. They earn interest while also giving you protection from inflation. I Savings Bonds are sold to you at face value, so if you purchase one for 0, they are worth 0.

The maximum amount that you may buy in one calender year is 00. If you cash these bonds in before five years then there is a penalty of the last three months of interest. An example of this, if you purchase a bond and cash it in 36 month later then you will only get 33 month of interest plus the original investment. They can’t be cashed in before they are one year old except in certain circumstances.

There is no penalty after five years to cash them in. One tip for you to do because sometimes when you cash them in at a bank they do not calculate the amount you are to get correct, find out beforehand what they are worth. You can find a savings bond calculator online where you can calculate this. These bonds will start to earn interest the first day of the month they were issued.

They will earn interest monthly, so the value of these will increase each month. The Series I Savings Bonds will not earn any interest after thirty years of being issued. These bonds can either be a fixed rate or a variable rate for the interest you will earn. The rate is announced every year on the 1st of May and 1st of November.

For more information about financial investment and articles related to investment matter or other material in this field please visit holofinance.org


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